📅 Today in HistoryAugust 9

Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.

Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens is defeated by the Visigoths. Valens is killed along with over half of his army.

Construction of the campanile of the Cathedral of Pisa (now known as the Leaning Tower of Pisa) begins; it will take two centuries to complete.

Quilon, the first Indian Christian Diocese, is erected by Pope John XXII; the French-born Jordanus is appointed the first Bishop.

Ottoman-Venetian War (1499-1503): The Ottomans capture Methoni, Messenia.

The First Anglo-Powhatan War begins in colonial Virginia.

Napoleon annexes Westphalia as part of the First French Empire.

American Indian Wars: The Creek sign the Treaty of Fort Jackson, giving up huge parts of Alabama and Georgia.

Louis Philippe becomes the king of the French following abdication of Charles X.

The Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States-Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.