📅 Today in HistorySeptember 3

In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate.

San Marino, one of the smallest nations in the world and the world's oldest republic still in existence, is founded by Saint Marinus.

Consecration of Pope Gregory I (Gregory the Great).

King Wamba of the Visigoths puts down a revolt by Hilderic, governor of Nîmes (France) and rival for the throne.

Major Byzantine victory at the Battle of Lalakaon against an Arab raid.

Richard I of England (a.k.a. Richard "the Lionheart") is crowned at Westminster.

The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Palestine, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.

At the congress of Visegrád Charles I of Hungary mediates a reconciliation between two neighboring monarchs, John of Bohemia and Casimir III of Poland.

The Treaty of Selymbria is concluded between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice.

Victory over the royalists in the Battle of Dunbar opens the way to Edinburgh for the New Model Army in the Third English Civil War.